UC-NRLF 


GIFT  OF 


GIFT 
OCT    8    1914 


It 


cfittettttr 


Georgia 


glrrfntecture 


Plans  and  suggestions  for  building 

one,  two,  three,  and  four- 

room  schoolhouses 


Department  of  Education 
State  of  Georgia 


M.  L.  Brittain,  State  School  Superintendent 
Atlanta,  Ga. 


Fo 


rewor 


TT  is  almost  as  cheap  to  build  an 
attractive  schoolhouse  as  an  ugly 
one.  &e  Georgia.,  like  old  Greece^ 
is  a  beautiful  land.  &$  Mountain  and 
sea^  forest  and  river^  tree  and  flower 
unite  to  make  it  as  fair  as  the  poet's 
loved  Italia.  &$  This  beauty  is  a 
practical  asset  and  should  not  be 
marred  by  dreary^  stableJike  school 
houses  and  unkempt  grounds.  ^ 
Our  boys  and  girls  should  not  be 
trained  in  the  midst  of  slattern  and 
shiftless  surroundings. 


292943 


Preface 


FREQUENTLY  requests  are  received  at  the  State  De- 
partment of  Education  for  plans  and  suggestions  for 
school  houses.     It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  properly 
constructed  huildings  can  be  erected  in  many  cases  at 
a  cost  very  little  more  than  for  poor  houses.      To  aid  by  furnish- 
ing suggestive  material  and  with  the  further  idea  of  creating 
more  interest  in  the  matter  of  tasteful  and  appropriate  school 
architecture,  the  services  of  Mr.  Hal  Heiitz,  of  the  firm  of  Hentz 
&  Reed,  architects,  were  secured  in  the  preparation  of  the  fol- 
loAving  plans. 

They  have  been  arranged  in  accordance  with  the  modern 
principles  of  ventilation  and  light.  As  will  be  seen  by  the 
pages  that  follow,  the  instructions  given  the  architect  were  to 
prepare  three  different  styles  each  for  the  one,  two,  three,  and 
four-room  school  house  plans.  The  three  designs  are  colonial, 
mission  or  bungalow,  and  a  third  as  simple  and  economical  as 
possible. 

Besides  these  twelve  plans,  I  am  under  obligations  to  Mr. 
L.  A.  Kolbach,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Education, 
for  aid  in  securing  several  excellent  designs  which  have  at- 
tracted attention  in  other  parts  of  the  country. 

In  addition,  pictures  and  plans  of  other  and  sometimes  more 
elaborate  buildings  will  be  found  in  the  pamphlet,  though  these 
last  are  intended  to  be  merely  suggestive.  If  a  community  de- 
sires a  house  larger  than  a  three  or  four-room  building,  it  would 
be  economy  in  the  end  to  secure  the  services  of  an  architect. 
The  purpose  of  this  pamphlet,  mainly,  is  to  furnish  practical 
aid  to  those  communities  unable  to  secure  the  services  of  a 
trained  expert,  and  who  are  compelled  by  circumstances  to  rely 
chiefly  upon  their  own  efforts  in  building. 


Well-designed,  well-built  schools,  with  something  of  artistic 
grace  and  beauty  manifest  in  structure  and  grounds,  will  have 
an  influence  for  good,  not  only  upon  pupils,  but  upon  the  entire 
community.  Preventable  ugliness  is  a  sin,  especially  when  it 
is  forced  upon  children  in  the  formative  years  of  their  lives, 
and  the  pity  of  it  is  that  the  barn-like  houses  in  which  s'o  many 
of  our  children  are  taught  would  cost  little  if  any  more  if  some- 
thing of  taste  and  beauty  were  evident  in  the  houses  and 
grounds.  Let  us  make  the  school  what  it  should  l>e — the  most 
attractive  place  in  the  community. 

Sincerely, 

M.  L.  BRITTAIX, 

State  School  Superintendent. 


Seven 


cpotmoac 


SKETCHES  SUGGESTING  PLANS  AND  ELEVATIONS 

FOR  ONE,  TWO,  THREE,  AND  FOUR-ROOM 

SCHOOLHOUSES 

THE  accompanying  sketches  of  one,  two,  three,  and 
four-room  schools  are  suggestions  for  the  rural  school 
house,  and  are  an  effort  to  combine  good  taste  and 
economy  of  construction  with  logical  planning. 

Special  attention  is  called  to  light,  ventilation,  and  sanitation. 
Simplicity  of  construction  and  of  the  structure  does  not  neces- 
sitate ugliness.  Good  proportions  and  pleasing  compositions 
can  always  be  had. 

Inexpensive  features  can  be  incorporated  in  the  planning  of, 
the  simple  school  house  that  will  not  only  add  to  its  beauty, 
but  also  will  serve  as  a  practical  means  in  arousing  the  interest 
of  the  pupil.  Experience  has  taught  that  one  of  the  strongest 
appeals  to  the  pupils  is  to  interest  them  in  beautifying  the  school. 
Therefore  simple  and  inexpensive  means  of  doing  this  are  pro- 
vided. The  use  of  the  trellis  or  lattice  work  and  flower  boxes 
under  the  windows  is  suggested.  Lattice  work  made  by  simple 
%  x  1  inch  material  tacked  together  into  simple,  pleasing  pat- 
terns, and  blocked  to  walls,  leaving  a  two-inch  space  between 
same  and  walls,  not  only  affords  a  sparkle  of  light  and  shadow 
that  gives  to  the  wall  a  finished  effect,  but  affords  a  stand  for 
vines  to  grow.  Flower  boxes  under  the  windows  likewise  are  a 
part  of  the  house,  and  have  practical  value  as  a  place  for 
flowers  that  are  under  the  care  of  the  pupil  together  with  the 
teacher. 

The  importance  of  locating  the  school  house  on  a  high  eleva- 
tion with  an  abundance  of  shade  trees  can  not  be  too  strongly 
emphasized.  The  sketches  are  along  practical  lines,  with  sug- 
gestions that  not  only  may  add  charm  and  quaintness  to  the 
effect,  but  should  arouse  the  interest  of  the  pupil. 

The  following  outline  briefly  describes  the  sketches,  and 
approximates  the  cost. 

Nine 


One-room  school  "A"  is  most  compact  and  economical,  pro- 
viding for  small  entrance  porch,  coat  closet,  and  large  class 
room.  The  light  is  all  from  one  side,  pouring  over  the  left 
shoulder  of  the  pupil.  If  further  light  or  ventilation  is  needed 
it  should  he  on  the  opposite  side,  but  never  in  the  face  of  the 
pupil  or  the  teacher.  It  should  be  built  with  weatherboard  or 
shingle  siding,  with  a  shingle  roof.  It  can  be  erected  from 
$275.00  to  $400.00.  "B,"  essentially  the  same  scheme,  pro- 
vides for  a  larger  entrance  porch,  and  is  not  quite  as  simple  or 
economical  in  construction  as  "A."  It  should  be  built  of 
weatherboards  for  exterior.  Its  cost  is  estimated  at  from 
$300.00  to  $425.00.  "C"  is  rather  more  elaborate  in  plan, 
providing  separate  cloak  rooms  for  girls  and  boys.  Its  exterior 
is  classic  in  treatment,  and  suggests  more  the  public  building 
than  either  "A"  or  "B."  It  should  be  built  of  brick,  but  can 
be  made  of  wood  frame  with  weatherboards  for  exterior.  Its 
cost  is  estimated  at  from  $700.00  to  $900.00 ;  in  brick  at  from 
$1,000.00  to  $1,200.00. 

Two-room  schools.  "A"  or  "B"  is  an  economical  plan  and 
provides  separate  class  rooms  for  boys  and  girls,  and  a  common 
stack  for  the  heater  flues.  The  exterior  of  "A"  and  "B"  are 
similarly  treated  along  the  bungalow  style.  "A"  is  less  ex- 
pensive and  simpler  in  treatment  than  "B."  A  lattice  border 
around  the  windows  of  the  cloak  room  is  suggested.  Each 
should  be  built  of  shingles  or  weatherboarding  on  the  exterior, 
and  should  cost  from  $000.00  to  $1,200.00.  "C"  is  classical 
in  treatment.  Its  plan  elongated  affords  an  opportunity  for 
cutting  windows  in  rear  and  providing  cross  ventilation  and 
light  without  blinding  either  pupils  or  teacher.  The  use  of 
columns  give  it  the  dignity  of  a  public  building.  The  bell 
tower  suggests  the  school  and  adds  to  the  effect,  though  it  can 
be  omitted  without  harm  to  the  building.  This  can  be  built  in 
weatherboard  or  brick.  If  in  wood  its  cost  is  estimated  at  from 
$1,100.00  to  $1,300.00;  if  brick  from  $1,500.00  to  $1,800.00. 

Three-room  schools.  "A,"  of  the  bungalow  type,  can  be 
made  quite  charming  with  its  separate  entrances  flanking  the 
middle  class  room.  Again  the  use  of  lattice  work  is  suggested. 
In  the  gables  plaster  between  the  open  timber  affords  a  unique 
treatment. 

Eleven 


A- 


"B,"  with  the  same  plan  as."" A,"  "is  treated  in  the  Mission 
or  Spanish  style.  It  can  be  built  of  either  rough  brick  stuccoed 
over,  or  if  frame,  with  metal  lath  nailed  to  a  storm  sheathing, 
and  on  this  the  stucco  applied.  If  the  tile  roof  is  too  great  an 
expense,  shingles  stained  red  will  give  a  similar  effect. 

"C"  is  again  the  classic  treatment,  presenting  the  same  ex- 
terior treatment  as  the  classic  two-room  school  previously  men- 
tioned, and  like  that  can  be  built  of  either  brick  or  wood ;  if  in 
wood  the  cost  is  estimated  at  from  $1,600.00  to  $1,900.00 ;  if  in 
brick  from  $2,000.00  to  $2,500.00. 

Four-room  schools.  "A,"  "B,"  and  "C"  of  the  four-room 
schools  have  similar  plans,  providing  two  class  rooms  and  two 
coat  rooms  on  the  first  floor  and  two  class  rooms  on  the  second 
floor,  with  small  library  on  one  side  and  teachers'  room  on  the 
other,  corresponding  to  two  coat  rooms  of  the  first  floor,  each  to 
be  entered  from  stair  hall.  Double  stairs  are  shown,  providing 
ample  facilities  for  exit  in  case  of  fire. 

"A"  is  quite  simple  and  economical  in  treatment,  and  does 
not  suggest  the  school  idea.  It  can  be  built  for  from  $1,800.00 
to  $2,000.00. 

"B"  is  brick  up  to  the  window  sill  of  the  second  floor,  and 
above  this  plaster  with  open  timber,  the  plaster  applied  to  metal 
lath  nailed  to  sheathing.  Its  cost  is  estimated  at  from 
$2,500.00  to  $3,000.00. 

"C"  is  classic  in  style,  and  preferably  should  be  built  of  brick. 
Its  cost  is  estimated  at  from  $3,000.00  to  $3,500.00. 

The  estimated  costs  referred  to  are  based  on  the  simplest  and 
most  economical  treatment,  and  will  vary  according  to  the  lo- 
cality, its  accessibility  to  a  depot  for  materials,  etc.,  and  the 
local  cost  of  labor. 


Thirteen 


-  C- 


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OQOOCJOoO3 
4DQOQOQtJ& 

CLASS  ooon   ;MO- 


.YT\    /^ 


c 


THE  SCHOOL  GROUNDS  AND  SCHOOL  ARCHI- 
TECTURE 

The  School  Site 

THE  school  should  be  located  as  near  as  possible  to  the 
center  of  the  district.     It  should  be  accessible  to  the 
principal  public  highway,  but  far  enough  removed 
from  it  to  be  free  from  dust  and  distractions.    Where 
a  consolidated  district  provides  transportation  for  its  more  dis- 
tant pupils,  it  is  sometimes  best  to  place  the  building  nearer  to 
one  end  of  the  district,  so  that  the  pupils  from  that  section  may 
walk  to  school,  leaving  only  the  distant  pupils  from  the  other 
section  to  be  transported. 

A  school  lot  should  not  be  less  than  one  acre,  and  the  wise 
school  board  will  secure  school  grounds  containing  three  or  four 
acres.  With  a  four-acre  tract  it  is  possible  to  have  a  play 
ground  and  space  for  a  school  garden. 

The  best  shape  for  a  one-acre  lot  is  10  rods  front  by  16  rods 
deep;  for  a  two-acre  tract  16  rods  front  by  20  rods  deep;  and 
for  a  four-acre  tract  20  rods  front  by  32  rods  deep. 

The  lot  seelcted  for  a  school  house  should  be  well  drained, 
but  not  so  rolling  as  to  cause  troublesome  washing.  Parts  of 
it  should  be  level  enough  to  furnish  satisfactory  play  grounds 
and  athletic  field. 

In  some  sections  it  has  been  the  custom  to  place  the  school 
house  on  the  most  barren  spot  in  the  district.  With  the  advent 
of  the  school  garden  it  is  desirable  that  a  more  fertile  soil  should 
be  selected. 

Loco /ion  of  Buildings  on  the  Lot 

If  the  lot  selected  has  the  shape  above  indicated,  it  is  best 
to  place  the  building  so  that  the  school  yard  left  back  of  it  is  a 
square.  This  gives  a  large  back  yard  for  play  grounds,  and 
front  and  side  yards  large  enough  for  flowers,  scrubbery,  and  a 
school  garden.  The  school  garden  should  never  be  allowed  to 
trespass  upon  the  play  ground  space. 

If  the  school  yard  is  small,  the  closets  for  boys  and  girls 
should  be  placed  at  the  extreme  back  corners,  and  should  have 

Fifteen 


screens,  which  should  be  covered  with  vines.  If  the  yard  is 
large  the  closets  should  be  placed  on  the  sides  of  the  lot  at  a 
convenient  distance  from  the  school  house,  and  the  rear  may 
then  be  reserved  for  a  ball  ground  or  athletic  field. 

It  is  frequently  desirable  to  provide  stalls  for  horses  at  the 
school  building.  These,  too,  should  be  placed  on  the  rear  of  the 
lot,  and  a  screen  of  vines  should  cover  the  walls. 

Trees  should  be  planted  around  the  entire  school  lot,  and  it 
should  also  be  enclosed  by  a  good  fence. 

The  School  Building 

The  adaption  of  the  school  room  to  its  purposes,  and  not  the 
external  appearance,  should  determine  the  architecture.  The 
school  room  is  the  unit  in  all  school  house  construction.  The 
room  should  embody  certain  essential  principles,  and  should 
not  vary  widely  from  the  standard  described  below. 

The  number  of  these  standard  school  rooms  in  a  building  will 
be  determined  by  the  size  of  the  school  to  be  accommodated,  and 
the  finish  and  architectural  adornment  will  depend  on  the  taste 
of  the  community  and  the  money  at  the  disposal  of  the  trustees. 
It  is  possible  to  embody  the  essential  principles  of  good  s'chool 
construction  in  a  very  inexpensive  building,  or  In  a  very 
elaborate  one. 

The  Standard  Class  Room 

The  class  room  for  the  average  class  should  be  24  by  32  feet 
and  12  or  13  feet  high. 

Whenever  possible,  the  building  should  be  placed  so  that  the 
principal  light  will  come  from  the  east  or  north.  This  avoids 
the  direct  glare  from  the  sun. 

The  windows  should  be  placed  on  the  long  side  of  the  room, 
and  on  the  left  side  of  the  pupils.  They  should  be  close  to- 
gether, so  as  to  avoid  cross  lights  and  shadows.  The  front  win- 
dow on  the  side  should  not  be  placed  beyond  the  front  row  of 
desks,  and  the  rear  window  should  be  near  the  rear  wall.  No 
class  room  should  have  windows  on  opposite  sides.  It  is  better 
to  have  the  light  come  from  the  left  side  of  the  pupils  only. 
There  should  be  no  windows  to  the  front  or  on  the  right  of  the 
pupils.  Windows  placed  in  the  rear  should  either  be  transom 

Seventeen 


Two-  Doon  -  Ocrtoou 
•A: 


windows  above  the  blackboard,  or  should  be  provided  with 
shades  to  protect  the  eyesight  of  the  teacher.  Since  the  best 
light  comes  from  above  the  heads  of  the  pupils,  the  tops  of 
the  windows  should  be  within  six  inches  of  the  ceiling.  The 
area  of  the  glass  in  the  class  room  should  be  one-fifth  to  one- 
fourth  the  floor  space.  The  room  24  by  32  feet  should  have  at 
least  150  square  feet  of  window  space.  This  would  mean  five 
windows  eight  feet  high  and  three  feet  wide  banked  on  the  left 
side,  and  two  such  windows  in  the  rear.  All  window  sash 
should  be  hung  on  pulleys. 

In  the  construction  of  the  school  house,  we  must  consider 
the  use  of  the  room  inside,  and  not  our  conceptions  of  exterior 
symmetry.  The  plans  which  follow  this  pamphlet  will  show 
how  this  standard  school  room  can  be  worked  into  a  building 
which  is  also  presentable  on  the  outside. 

Window  Shades 

The  best  shade  for  a  school  room  is  one  which  rolls  from  the 
bottom  on  a  spring  roller  with  handle  attached  and  which  is 
hung  on  a  cord  running  through  a  stop  pulley  at  the  top  of  the 
window.  Such  a  shade  may  be  placed  in  any  position  on  the 
window. 

Blackboards 

Blackboards  36  to  48  inches  wide  should  be  placed  on  all 
walls  where  there  are  no  windows.  They  should  be  placed  28 
inches  from  the  floor  in  rural  schools.  All  boards  should  be 
provided  with  ample  chalk  rails  for  holding  crayon  and  erasers. 

The  most  economical  material  for  blackboards  in  the  ordinary 
school  is  the  woodpulp  composition  board,  now  manufactured 
under  various  names.  This  may  be  had  in  convenient  lengths, 
and  is  durable  and  easy  to  put  in  place.  The  dark  green  board 
is  very  agreeable  to  the  eyes.  The  writing  surface  of  this  board 
may  be  renewed  by  an  application  of  liquid  slating. 

In  the  front  of  each  class  room  should  be  a  movable  platform 
five  by  six  feet  and  six  inches  high  for  the  teacher's  desk  and 
chair.  This  platform  gives  the  teacher  a  better  command  of 
the  class  during  general  exercises  and  study  periods. 

Nineteen 


Qoon  *  SCHOOL* 
•Ir 


Library  Cases 

Near  the  teacher's  platform,  or  in  some  other  convenient 
place  in  the  class  room,  a  book  case  with  glass  doors  and  with 
locker  underneath  could  be  built  in  the  wall.  This  should  be 
provided  with  lock  and  key. 

The  Floor 

The  floor  of  the  room  should  be  double  and  air-tight,  the 
lower  floor  being  laid  diagonally,  and  the  top  floor  tongued  and 
grooved,  with  building  paper  between,  and  should  be  stained 
with  a  dark  oil  stain.  Much  sickness,  discomfort,  and  poor 
work  in  school  are  caused  by  defective  floors.  The  entire  ex- 
terior of  the  building  should  be  covered  with  storm  sheathing, 
nailed  diagonally;  on  top  of  which  is  nailed  the  weatherboard- 
ing,  with  building  paper  between.  The  double  floor  and  sheath- 
ing will  make  the  building  much  more  comfortable  and  will 
make  quite  a  reduction  in  the  fuel  bill. 

Heat  and  Ventilation 

This  subject  has  never  received  sufficient  attention  in  the 
rural  school.  The  ordinary  heating  apparatus  of  these  schools 
consists  of  a  square  box  stove,  placed  in  the  center  of  the  room, 
from  which  heat  is  received  by  the  pupils  through  direct  radia- 
tion. This  usually  means  that  pupils  seated  near  the  stove  are 
too  hot,  and  that  those  distant  -from  it  are  too  cold.  Its  posi- 
tion in  the  center  of  the  room  interferes  seriously  with  the 
seating  arrangement. 

A  slightly  greater  investment  will  secure  for  the  school  a 
jacketed  stove  which  heats  the  room  by  producing  a  circulation 
of  warmed  air  through  all  parts  of  it.  The  principle  of  this 
stove  is  very  simple.  The  cold  air  is  taken  through  a  pipe  from 
•outside  the  building,  and  is  carried  through  or  under  the  sheet 
iron  into  contact  with  the  hot  stove  on  the  inside.  It  is  there 
heated,  rises  to  the  ceiling,  and  settles  down  over  the  entire 
room,  producing  a  uniform  temperature.  As  the  impure  air  in 
the  room  settles  to  the  floor,  it  is  forced  up  through  a  pipe  or 
wall  register  into  a  section  of  the  flue,  and  carried  from  the 

Twenty-one 


building.      The  jacket  prevents  undue  heat  for  the  pupils  seated 
near  the.  stove. 

There  are  a  number  of  patented  stoves  of  this  type  which 
are  said  to  be  very  satisfactory.  A  tinner  or  blcaksmith,  how- 
ever, can  very  easily  make  a  tin,,  zinc,  or  sheet  iron  jacket  for 
the  ordinary  stove,  which  will  be  very  satisfactory.  The  jacket 
should  extend  at  least  eight  inches  above  the  stove,  and  should, 
of  course,  be  provided  with  a  door,  which  may  be  opened  for 
putting  fuel  in  the  stove.  The  cold  air  may  be  brought  to  the 
stove  through  a  grated  opening  in  the  floor  within  the  jacket, 
to  which  a  duct  two  feet  square,  or  equivalent,  leads  from  under 
the  floor  outside  of  the  building.  The  exit  of  the  impure  air 
should  alw7ays  be  placed  near  the  floor,  and  the  smoke  flue  and 
the  ventilating  flue  should  be  placed  side  by  side,  so  that  the 
heat  from  the  first  may  assist  in  causing  the  draft  .essential  to 
satisfactory  ventilation  through  the  second.  If  this  opening 
is  placed  near  the  ceiling,  the  air  warmed  in  the  jacket  will  pass 
out  of  the  room  immediately  without  settling.  The  temperature 
of  the  school  room  should  be  kept  between  68  and  70  degrees. 
The  windows  should  be  opened  and  the  room  thoroughly  aired 
at  recess  and  at  the  close  of  the  school  session.  Thirty  cubic 
feet  of  air  per  minute  per  pupil,  or  1,800  per  hour,  is  the  ac- 
cepted standard  for  school  room  ventilation. 

Seating 

A  room  24  by  32  will  easily  seat  48  pupils  in  single  desks. 
The  initial  cost  of  single  desk  seating  is  greater  than  that  of 
double  desks,  but  this  is  more  than  balanced  by  the  better  ordei' 
and  discipline  made  possible  by  the  single  desks.  The  desks  in 
such  a  school  room  will  be  arranged  in  six  rows,  each  containing 
one  "front,"  one  "rear,"  and  seven  "completes."  School  desks 
are  made  in  standard  sizes,  and  are  numbered  from  No.  6,  the 
very  smallest  desk,  adapted  to  kindergarten  and  primary  pupils, 
to  No.  1,  made  for  college  students. 

For  a  one-room  country  school  with  48  pupils  there  would  be 
needed  two  rows  of  No.  5,  two  rows  of  No.  4,  and  one  row  each 
of  No.  3  and  No.  2.  In  an  ungraded  school  two  No.  4  recitation 
benches  six  feet  long  should  be  provided.  .For  a  larger  school, 
desks  should  be  ordered  in  about  this  same  proportion  of  sizes. 

Tirenty-three 


cooaoooo 
coooooan 


cDDODOOOD 


A. 


The  desks  of  the  numbers  given  above  vary  in  height  and  size 
of  tops,  and  the  size  should  determine  the  distance  between  backs 
as  they  are  placed  upon  the  floor.  The  spacing  distance  from  back 
to  back  for  a  No.  5  is  22  inches,  for  No.  4  is  24  inches,  for  "No. 
3  is  26  inches,  and  for  a  No.  2  is  28  inches.  Any  attempt  to  place 
desks  of  varying  sizes  in  line  across  the  room  will  necessitate 
improper  posture  by  the  occupants  of  some  of  them.  Especial 
care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  desks  are  properly  put  together. 
This  will  double  the  life  of  the  desk. 

Many  school  authorities  prefer  to  screw  the  desks  to  one  and 
one-half  by  three  inch  strips,  instead  of  fastening  them  to  the 
floor.  The  rows  are  then  easily  moved  for  cleaning  the  floor  or 
for  convenient  seating  when  two  or  more  rooms  are  thrown  into 
an  auditorium.  The  aisles  should  be  about  two  feet  wide,  and 
a  broad  aisle  should  be  left  all  around  the  school  room. 

The  cost  of  seating  a  room  with  the  best  desks,  according  to 
the  above  specifications,  should  be  about  $115.00  at  the  factory. 
There  are  great  differences  in  the  quality  of  school  desks.  It 
is  always  poor  economy  to  purchase  a  poor  desk  at  any  price. 
The  cheap  all  wood  desk,  sometimes  sold,  should  be  avoided. 

The  Tinting  of  the  Walls 

The  beauty  and  attractiveness  of  the  school  room  will  depend 
largely  on  the  painting  and  the  tinting  of  the  walls.  This  sub- 
ject is  usually  very  much  neglected.  The  glaring  white  walls, 
and  deep  blues,  yellows  and  reds  should  be  avoided.  For  rooms 
where  the  lighting  is  not  the  best,  a  cream  is  desirable.  In  gen- 
eral the  best  color  for  the  school  room  is  green.  The  wainscot- 
ing and  woodwork  should  be  a  deep  olive,  the  walls  up  to  the 
picture  moulding  a  s'age  green,  and  the  ceiling  a  lighter  stone 
green  or  cream  color.  All  inside  coloring  should  be  "dull 
finish."  For  the  woodwork  the  green  stain  and  a  "wax  finish" 
is  the  cheapest  as  well  as  the  best.  An  inferior  grade  of  lumber 
can  be  used  on  the  interior  if  well  painted.  All  interior  wood- 
work should  be  flat  and  plain,  and  all  deep  cut  moulding  avoided 
as  far  as  practicable.  These  mouldings  catch  dust  and  are  dif- 
ficult to  keep  clean.  A  picture  moulding  should  be  put  on  the 
walls  of  the  room  about  18  inches  below  the  ceiling.  A  good 
finish  can  be  gotten  by  wainscoting  the  space  around  the  room 

Twenty-five 


fouu  *  "Qoon  '  5cnooL* 
-A.- 


COMPARE  THE  FOREGOING    PLANS  WITH  THE  SHABBY  OLD  SCHOOLHOUSE  BELOW 
NOTE  THE  DREARY  SHIFTLESSNESS  IN  THE  VERY  ATMOSPHERE  OF  SUCH  A  SCHOOL 


below  the  blackboard  level,  although  this  is  not  as  sanitary  or 
desirable  as  the  plaster  and  baseboard.  A  sanitary  finish  can  be 
obtained  by  omitting  all  wood  casing  around  the  windows,  and 
plastering  the  corner  round  against  the  window  frame,  and 
using  a  very  narrow  baseboard  and  few  mouldings.  The 
plastering  should  have  a  very  fine  sand  finish. 

Cloak  Rooms 

It  is  unasnitary  to  pile  hats  and  wraps  promiscuously  in  the 
corner  of  the  class  room,  or  to  allow  wet  coats  and  umbrellas 
to  dry  out  in  the  room  occupied  by  the  pupils.  Everv  class 
room  in  a  school  building  should  be  provided  with  a  cloak  room 
adjacent  to  it  sufficiently  large  to  accommodate  the  hats  and 
cloaks  of  the  occupants.  It  should  be  provided  with  shelves  and 
two  rows  of  hooks  for  hats  and  coats.  It  should  in  all  cases 
have  outside  ventilation  by  windows. 

Fuel  and  Work  Room 

Every  school  building  should  have  a  place  in  which  fuel  can 
be  stored.  A  pile  of  wood  in  the  room  itself  does  not  contribute 
to  an  orderly  class  room. 

The  best  schools  everywhere  are  recognizing  the  fact  that 
there  are  many  exercises  other  than  study  and  recitation  from 
the  text  books  of  the  course  which  can  be  profitably  conducted 
in  connection  with  the  rural  school. 

In  the  city  schools  manual  training  is  now  recognized  as'  a 
subject  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  curriculum.  For  the  country 
boy  the  varied  exercises  of  the  home  and  farm  may  take  the 
place  to  some  extent  of  the  formal  manual  training  course. 
Nevertheless,  we  believe  that  in  every  country  school  there 
should  be  the  ordinary  tools  of  the  country  home,  such  as  the 
hammer  and  nails,  brace  and  bit,  paint  and  brushes,  saw,  axe, 
and  plane  •  and  the  boy  should  be  encouraged  to  use  them  in 
making  the  school  house  and  grounds  more  comfortable  and  at 
tractive.  An  admirable  beginning  for  a  school  Improvement 
league  among  the  children  of  a  district  would  be  the  acquisition 
of  a  few  school  tools  and  a  little  lumber,  coupled  with  a  few  sug- 
gestions from  the  teacher  as  to  desirable  repairs  and  improve- 
ments in  the  building  and  surroundings. 

Twenty-seven. 


DESIGN  FOR  A  TWO-ROOM  BUILDING  IN  THE  MISSION  STYLE. 


FLOOR  PLAN  OF   THE  SAME 


Auditorium 

As  the  school  becomes  more  and  more  the  center  of  com- 
munity life,  the  school  auditorium  will  become  more  important 
and  necessary  as  a  part  of  the  school  building.  When  the 
finances  of  a  district  will  not  allow  the  construction  of  a  sepa- 
rate auditorium,  it  is  possible  to  arrange  the  building  so  that 
two  rooms  may  be  thrown  into  one  when  the  occasion  demands. 
If  the  desks  are  not  screwed  to  the  floor,  but  are  attached  to 
strips,  as  indicated  above,  they  may  be  easily  shifted  so  as  to 
face  in  one  direction  when  desired.  If  the  teacher's  platforms 
are  movable,  they,  too,  may  be  shifted  to  form  a  temporary 
stage.  In  the  plans  presented  the  rooms  may  easily  be  thrown 
together  in  this  way. 

The  Equipment  of  the  School  Room 

The  school  room  should  contain  the  accessories  named  below 
as  a  minimum  equipment  for  good  work: 

1.  A  commodious  teacher's  desk  with  drawer  and  locker. 

2.  A  comfortable  teacher's  chair  and  two  extra  chairs  for 
visitors. 

3.  A  call  bell. 

4.  A  box  of  good  crayon,  and  a  dozen  wood-felt  erasers. 

5.  Two  or  three  blackboard  pointers. 

6.  A  good  set  of  maps,  including  political  maps  of  the  world, 
the  United  States,  North  America,  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa, 
and  a  physical  map  of  North  America.     It  is  most  economical 
in  the  end  to  buy  these  maps  in  the  steel  case  mounting. 

7.  A  good  medium-priced  12-inch  globe. 

8.  A  good  dictionary. 

9.  A  clock. 

10.  A  thermometer. 

11.  A  school  library. 

In  addition  to  these,  the  school  should  gradually  acquire  sets 
of  weights  and  measures,  charts  to  assist  in  the  teaching  of  the 
school  subjects,  and  other  auxiliaries  suggested  by  the  teacher. 
The  skilled  teacher  and  responsive  pupils  will  gradually  develop 
a  school  museum  which  will  greatly  enrich  the  work. 

Twenty-nine 


ALABAMA    STANDARD  SCHOOLHOUSE  DESIGN.    ELEVATIONS 


ALABAMA  STANDARD  SCHOOLHOUSE  DESIGN.    ELEVATIONS. 


School  Room  Decoration 

A  school  room  arranged  and  equipped  as  described  above,  kept 
clean,  and  occupied  by  an  enthusiastic  teacher  and  busy,  inter- 
ested children,  will  require  very  little  decoration  to  complete  it. 
Avoid  especially  burdening  the  walls  with  cheap  chromos.  A 
few  good  pictures,  which  appeal  to  the  understanding  of  the 
children,  framed  in  good  taste  and  hung  artistically,  will  do 
much  to  cultivate  the  sesthetic  sense  of  the  pupils. 

Doors 

All  exterior  doors  should  open  outward,  and  the  doors  should 
be  kept  unbarred  and  unlocked  while  school  is  in  session.  It  is 
best  for  the  class  room  doors  to  open  inwards  so  the  teacher  can 
have  control  over  her  pupils  in  case  of  panic.  All  entrances 
should  be  wide  and  be  provided  with  a  porch  or  vestibule  so 
children  can  find  shelter  if  they  come  before  school  is  opened. 

Corridors  and  Stairways 

In  schools  of  more  than  two  rooms  the  corridors  should  be  at 
least  ten  feet  wide.  The  stairways  should  be  at  least  five  feet 
and  the  nights  should  be  broken  by  landings  whenever  this 
is  possible.  Winding  stairways,  sharp  turns,  irregular  treads, 
and  steep  ascents  should,  of  course,  be  avoided. 

Exterior  Painting 

No  school  house  should  be  considered  as  complete  until  the 
whole  exterior  has  been  given  three  coats  of  good  lead  and 
oil  paint.  This  not  only  adds  to  the  beauty  of  the  building,  but 
prolongs  its  life  as  well.  In  selecting  the  paint,  glaring  colors 
should  be  avoided  and  neutral  tints  selected.  Good  taste  in  the 
selection  of  colors  and  harmonious  trimmings  will  make  the 
school  building  contribute  to  the  elevation  of  the  aesthetic  taste 
of  the  whole  community.  Good  results  can  be  gotten,  by  the  use 
of  stained  shingles  on  the  sides  of  the  building. 

—Adapted  from  Clemson  College  Bulletin,  by  R.  E.  Lee. 

Thirty-one 


3A^v\/  o/=-  /sr  -STor^y 


ALABAMA  STANDARD  SCHOOLHOUSE  DESIGN.    FIRST  FLOOR  PLAN 


1 

j... 

4 

I 

1 

1 

ALABAMA  STANDARD  SCHOOLHOUSE  DESIGN.    SECOND  FLOOR  PLAN. 


The  School  Yard 

With  an  attractive  school  building,  do  not  stop  until  the  yard 
is  in  harmony  with  the  house.  Strive  to  make  this  the  most 
attractive  in  the  neighborhood.  It  ought  to  be  the  one  place 
where  its  young  life  is  gathered  almost  daily. 

Eemember  that  the  permanent  effect  is  to  be  obtained  by  trees 
and  shrubs  rather  than  flowers.  Arrange  in  groups  or  mass, 
leaving  the  center  open  as  far  as  possible. 

In  selecting  plants,  choose  those  which  are  most  common. 
There  are  at  least  a  dozen  different  trees  in  your  vicinity  that 
would  adorn  the  school  grounds.  Some  of  these  are  the  oak, 
elm,  maple,  dogwood,  ash,  tulip-tree,  and  poplar. 

The  red  or  scarlet  maple  is  almost  ideal  for  group  planting. 
Its  crimson  blossoms  give  a  " joyous  color  note  in  the  very  be- 
ginning of  spring's  overture."  These  are  followed  by  brilliant 
samaras  or  keys  and  in  the  autumn  the  leaves  have  a  splendid 
coloring  with  their  rich  scarlet  hues.  In  early  spring  the  dog- 
wood presents  a  beautiful  array  of  showy  white  leaves,  incor- 
rectly called  flowers,  and  in  the  fall  its  red  berries  are  also  ef- 
fective. Nor  must  the  peach  and  apple  trees  be  overlooked. 
The  truth  is  nearly  all  trees  are  beautiful. 


MODEL  ONE-ROOM  SCHOOL  AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR,  ST.  LOUIS. 


Thirty-three 


PERSPECTIVE  OF  A  CALIFORNIA  ONE-ROOM  SCHOOLHOUSE.    HENRY  F. 
STARBUCK,  ARCHITECT. 


FLOOR  PLAN  OF  A  CALIFORNIA  ONE-ROOM  SCHOOLHOUSE.    HENRY  F.  STARBUCK, 

ARCHITECT. 


The  prettiest  fence  around  any  school  is  that  formed  by  the 
privet — California  or  Amoor  river — while  the  wistaria,  honey- 
suckle, or  wild  rose  should  be  trained  over  the  lattice  work  in 
front  of  the  outbuildings. 

Such  shrubs  as  the  cape  jasmine,  lilac,  snowball  and  syringa 
will  add  much  to  the  appearance  of  the  grounds  within  a  few 
months.  Plant  according  to  some  definite  plan,  securing  the 
lielp  of  the  mothers  in  the  neighborhood. 

The  highest  educational  authority  in  the  world — the  National 
Educational  Association — says  that  children  should  be  daily 
surrounded  by  influences  that  elevate  them,  that  make  them 
love  flowers,  pictures,  and  proper  decorations,  until  at  last  they 
reach  that  degree  of  culture  that  nothing  else  will  satisfy  them. 
When  they  grow  up  and  have  homes  of  their  owrn  they  must 
have  them  clean,  neat  and  bright  with  pictures  and  fringed  with 
shade  trees  and  flowers,  for  they  have  been  brought  up  to  be 
happy  in  no  other  environment. 

Contrast  the  two  little  schools  below.  What  would  a  stranger 
think  as  to  the  comparison  of  the  two  communities  in  culture 
and  refinement  ? 


J..-W-M 


-.M*iMJ*,'     . 


Thirty-five 


CLOSETS 

BEYOND  doubt  the  feature  of  our  schools  which  most 
needs  attention  (and  has  frequently  never  received  it) 
is  the  closet.     It  appears  to  be  regarded  as  a  nuisance 
without  remedy.     We  seem  to  be  resigned  to  the  idea, 
that  our  children  must  be  confronted  here  daily  by  shameful 
and  sometimes  obscene  conditions  which  are  a  disgrace  to  civili- 
zation.    These  conditions  should  no  more  be  allowed  at  school 
than  at  home.     The  school  closets  should  be  kept  clean.     The 
responsibility  for  this  should  not  be  placed  upon  the  teacher 
alone — particularly  if  she  is  a  young  lady. 

How  should  this  be  done  ?  Put  the  closets  in  good  condi- 
tion, provide  a  lock  and  key,  and  require  frequent  inspection. 
Furnish  lime  or  other  disinfectants  when  needed.  There  should 
be  little  trouble  with  ordinary  care  and  attention  where  there 
are  systems  of  water  and  sewerage.  The  dry  closet  is  the  most 
difficult  to  keep  in  a  decent  and  sanitary  condition.  To  aid  at 
this  point  I  have  secured  the  help  of  Dr.  A.  G.  Fort,  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  who  furnishes  the  following  suggestions 
as  to  construction : 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  M.  L.  Brittain,  State  Superintendent 
of  Education,  we  have  prepared  plans  and  specifications  for 
the  building  of  sanitary  surface  closets.  While  incinerators, 
and  sewage  are  better,  yet,  we  realize  that  it  is  not  every  com- 
munity that  can  install  these  systems  at  their  schools,  so  we 
here  present  the  next  best  method,  which  is  considered  about 
75  per  cent,  perfect. 

It  is  impossible  to  overestimate  the  value  to  health  of  the 
proper  building,  use,  and  care  of  the  closet.  By  properly 
building  the  same,  flies  can  be  screened  from  the  contents  of  the 
vaults,  thereby  preventing  the  spread  of  typhoid  fever  and 
summer  diarrhoeas.  The  refuse  material  can  be  properly  dis- 
posed of,  thereby  preventing  soil  pollution  and  the  spread  of 
hookworm  disease,  with  its  fearful  results ;  also  the  portection 
of  the  water  supply  from  contamination.  Privacy  is  insured 
and  the  scholars  are  most  apt  to  form  habits,  the  value  of  which 
to  health,  not  to  speak  of  character,  will  be  great, 

Thirty-nine 


S 

fiSHJ 
LEFT  $K. 

VIEW  <5HOMHG- 
CONSTRUCTION  OF 
.BUILDING  &  jq 


Q-COMSrWCT/ON   OF  000f? 

9-nETHOD   OF 


Adequate  means  of  caring  for  same  should  be  made  in  order 
to  make  it  attractive,  so  far  as  possible,  and  to  avoid  the  dan- 
gers attendant  on  the  careless  disposal  of  "night  soil." 

We  present  the  following  plans  and  specifications  as  meeting 
as  near  as  possible  the  demands  of  economy,  simplicity,  and 
safety. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  E.  C.  Emerson,  of  the  Savannah  Pub- 
lic Schools,  for  the  cuts  and  for  the  greater  part  of  plans  and 
specifications  here  given. 

A.  G.  FORT, 
Director  of  Field  Sanitation, 

Ga.  State  Board  of  Health. 
Approved  by: 

H.  F.  HAKEIS, 

Secty.  Ga.  State  Board  of  Health. 

BILL  OF  MATERIAL  NEEDED 

36     running  feet  2x4. 
100     running  feet  2x3. 
16     running  feet  4  x  %. 
2     pieces'  matched  boards  4  ft.  long  by  9  in.  wide,  or  1  piece 

4  ft.  long  by  18  in.  wide. 
250     ft.  %  in.  boards. 
250     ft.  strips  or  battens. 

One  spring  or  pulley  for  door. 

8     ft.  screen,  15-mesh  copper  or  galvanized,  12  in.  wide. 
2     hinges,  6-in.  strap,  for  front  door. 
2     hinges,  6-in.  "T,"  for  vault  door. 
4     hinges,  3-in.  "butts,"  for  covers. 

Cost. — From  $6.00  to  $12.00,  depending  on  local  price  of 
lumber  and  grade  of  stock  used. 

Explanation  of  Cuts 

Figures  1,  2,  3,  and  4  are  fiat  views.  It  is  preferable  that 
vault  door  as  shown  in  Figures  2  and  4  should  open  on  inside 
at  point  as  shown  in  Figure  3  marked  seat,  and  not  in  back. 

Figures  5,  6,  and  7  show  all  sides  of  building,  together  with 
vault  during  construction.  The  door  in  back  as  shown  in  Fig- 

Forty-one 


3-8 


17 


F,g.  /6 


ure   6   can   be   swung  in  front   of  vault,   Figure   7.      This   is~ 
preferable. 

Figures  8,  9,  and  10  show  construction  of  door,  screen  holes,., 
and  seat. 

Frame. — Heavier  framing  can  be  used,  and  is  of  course  pref- 
erable ;  4  x  4  could  be  used  in  place  of  2x4,  and  2x4  instead 
of  2  x  3.  We  will  refer  to  the  lighter  material. 

Cut  7  pieces  2x4  4  ft.  long.  Place  3  of  them  on  level 
ground  at  right  distance  for  girders.  (G,  Fig.  5.)  Toe-nail 
(Fig.  11)  firmly  the  remaining  four  joists  (J,  Fig.  5).  Care 
should  be  taken  to  have  the  corners  of  this  frame  square.  Raise 
same  about  2  in.  above  ground  by  placing  brick  or  flat  stone 
under  it.  Carefully  level  it. 

Floor. — Nail  011  floor  boards,  making  a  square  platform  4  ft. 
square. 

Posts. — Take  4  pieces  2x3  and  saw  one  end  of  each  per- 
fectly square.  The  square  end  should  fit  well  on  the  floor. 
Place  2  of  these  against  a  straight  piece  of  board  (Fig  12),  so 
that  the  ends  are  4  ft.  apart  and  the  pieces  square  TO  the  board. 
Now  measure  upon  the  outside  edge  of  one  piece  8  ft.  3  in.  and 
on  the  inside  edge  of  the  other  5  ft.  10  in.  Place  a  straight 
board  across  these  marks  and  draw  a  slanting  line  across  the 
2x3  (Fig.  12).  Saw  on  these  lines  and  you  have  two  posts, 
Make  other  two  same  way. 

Braces. — Cut  5  pieces  3  ft.  8  in.  long,  and  3  pieces  3  ft.  6  in. 
long  (x  and  y,  Fig.  6).  Be  careful  that  the  brace  in  back  is 
right  height  to  make  header  for  door,  if  you  prefer  door  in  back. 

Rafters. — Nail  a  piece  of  2  x  3  lightly  across  side  of  posts, 
and  even  (flush)  with  the  slanting  ends.  Mark  the  piece  on  the 
inside,  knock  it  off,  saw  and  fit  in.  (R,  Fig.  6.) 

Nail  other  two  braces  (x)  between  the  rafters,  turned  just, 
right  to  carry  the  roof  boards. 

Walls. — Select  8  pieces  of  board,  mark  out  openings  for  the 
screens  (Fig.  9),  be  careful  that  the  one  for  the  vault  is  far 
enough  down.  (See  Fig.  2.)  Take  the  planks,  mark  them  to 
fit  as  shown  in  Fig.  5.  Be  sure  to  leave  the  opening  for  vault 
door,  if  the  open  back  style  is  used. 

Forty-three- 


Roof. — Cut  the  roof  boards  5  ft.  9  in.  long.  They  should 
hang  over  6  in.  in  front  and  back,  and  4  or  5  in.  at  the  sides. 
Nail  them  in  place  as  shown  in  Figs.  5  and  6.  See  that  there 
are  no  cracks  for  flies  to  crawl  through.  If  so,  cover  them. 

Battens  or  Strips. — If  matched  boards  are  used  no  battens  or 
strips  will  be  needed  on  walls,  but  to  make  the  roof  water  tight, 
they  must  be  used  over  the  cracks,  as  shown  in  Figs.  4  and  6. 

If  matched  boards  are  not  used,  they  must  be  used  over  the 
whole  house. 

Seat. — Frame  the  seat  as  shown  in  Figs.  5  and  6  and  nail  on 
the  front  as  shown  in  Fig.  7.  It  is  better  to  have  same  braced 
with  2  x  3s  and  the  door  made  to  open  in  the  front  of  the  vault, 
care  being  taken  to  make  it  sufficiently  large  for  the  easy  re- 
moval of  the  receptacle. 

The  seat  is  made  of  2  pieces  of  board  4  ft.  long  and  9  in. 
wide,  or  1  piece  board  4  ft.  long  and  18  in.  wide,  matched 
boards  to  be  used.  See  Fig.  7  for  construction  of  the  hole. 

Fig.  13  shows  an  easy  method  of  marking  off  the  hole  by 
means  of  a  cardboard.  Nail  is  driven  through  one  hole,  and 


ILLUSTRATION  OF  A  WELL  SCREENED  CLOSET. 


Forty-four 


4  in.  from  it  a  pencil  is  inserted  into  the  other.  Round  the 
front  of  the  seat  as  shown  in  Fig.  15.  All  openings  left  back 
of  seat  should  be  completely  closed.  Xail  a  strip  (V)  at  the 
back  to  carry  hinges  for  the  covers. 

Make  the  covers  and  nail  the  strips  (W)  in  place  at  the  sides. 

Doors. — Make  the  door  for  the  front  as  shown  in  Fig.  8,  and 
for  the  vault,  if  the  open  back  method  is  used,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  6,  but  preferably  the  door  for  the  vault  should  open  in 
front,  as  shown  in  Fig.  7. 

Screens. — Every  opening  should  be  screened.  Make  a  frame, 
Fig.  16,  to  fit  tight  over  the  door,  tack  wire  screening  (copper 
is  best,  but  galvanized  iron  is  good)  over  each  opening  and  cover 
the  edges  with  strips  as  shown  in  Fig.  17. 

Never  leave  the  door  or  vault  open.  Put  a  spring  or  pulley 
on  the  door  so  it  can  not  be  left  open  carelessly. 

Vault  Bucket. — The  best  is  a  large  coal  scuttle,  but  any  can 
or  tub  may  be  used ;  care  being  taken  that  the  top  of  same  should 
be  only  2  or  3  in.  from  the  hole. 

These  cans  should  be  cleaned  at  least  once  a  week,  or  more 
often  if  necessary.  The  fecal  material  should  be  burned  or 
buried  at  least  200  ft.  from  the  well  and  at  a  place  slanting 
from  the  house  and  well. 

A  little  dirt  or  disinfectant  can  be  sprinkled  into  the  vault 
occasionally,  and  will  greatly  aid  in  keeping  down  bad  odors. 


"The  country  should  be,  in  the  fundamental  elements  of 
architecture  and  sanitation,  as  good  a  building  as  there  is  in 
the  community.  As  the  cathedral,  town  hall,  public  library, 
or  capitol  building  represents  the  civic  pride  of  a  munici- 
pality, so  the  rural  school  house  should  represent  the  pride 
of  the  rural  community.  It  should  be  a  model  of  archi- 
tectural adaptation  to  use  and  of  sanitary  excellence.  It 
should,  if  possible,  be  a  building  a  little  better  than  any  other 
building  in  the  community,  because  here  you  have  the  young 
brought  together  and  subject  to  influences  either  harmful  or 
beneficial.  The  problem  here  is  the  care  of  the  growing  child. 
This  building  for  the  training  of  the  young  may  be  made  in  any 
community,  by  intelligent  planning  and  without  unreasonable 
expense,  a  structure  of  genuine  beauty  and  of  continual  joy  and 
comfort." 


PRI 

FOCTE    A 

ATLANTA 


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